![]() ![]() For example, codon bias underlies differences between maternal and zygotic mRNAs in developing zebrafish, Xenopus, mouse, and Drosophila ( Bazzini et al., 2016). ![]() Codon bias impacts expression and structure of clock proteins that underlie the in vivo circadian clock function in Neurospora, cyanobacteria, and Drosophila ( Fu et al., 2016 Xu et al., 2013 Zhou et al., 2013), protein secretion in yeast ( Pechmann et al., 2014), and virus/host interactions (including in COVID-19, Alonso and Diambra, 2020 Shin et al., 2015).Įmerging studies suggest codon bias plays an important role in fundamental tissue-level processes. Conversely, a high frequency of rare codons in an mRNA can cause ribosomal stalling and trigger RNA degradation or premature translation termination ( Buschauer et al., 2020 Radhakrishnan et al., 2016 Yang et al., 2019). In general, mRNAs enriched in codons commonly used in a given species are more stable and are more robustly translated ( Presnyak et al., 2015 Sorensen and Pedersen, 1991 Yan et al., 2016 Yu et al., 2015 Zhao et al., 2017). This disproportionate usage frequency among synonymous codons is termed codon usage bias (hereafter: codon bias).Ĭodon bias is governed by several biochemical mechanisms and has diverse biological consequences. Synonymous codons are used at varying frequencies throughout a given genome ( Grantham et al., 1980 Ikemura, 1985 Sharp and Li, 1986). It was initially thought that synonymous substitutions, those leading to changes in nucleotide sequence but resulting in an identical protein sequence, were functionally ‘silent.’ However, it is now clear that this is not the case. The genetic code is redundant, with 61 codons encoding only 20 amino acids ( Crick, 1968 Zuckerkandl and Pauling, 1965). Our work highlights distinct responses to rarely used codons in select tissues, revealing a critical role for codon bias in tissue biology. Optimizing RpL10Aa codons disrupts female fertility. We further demonstrate a role for rare codons in an evolutionarily young testis-specific gene, RpL10Aa. We define a new metric of tissue-specific codon usage, the tissue-apparent Codon Adaptation Index (taCAI), to reveal a conserved enrichment for rare codon usage in the endogenously expressed genes of both Drosophila and human testis. Near the edge of this limit, however, we find the testis and brain are uniquely capable of expressing rare codon-enriched reporters. These reporters reveal a cliff-like decline of protein expression near the limit of rare codon usage in endogenously expressed Drosophila genes. Here, we use codon-modified reporters to perform an organism-wide screen in Drosophila melanogaster for distinct tissue responses to codon usage bias. Yet, relatively few studies have analyzed the impacts of codon usage on tissue-specific mRNA and protein expression. To maximize the chance of success, NovoPro protein expert will design a construct based on the characteristics and specific requirements of the target protein.Codon usage bias has long been appreciated to influence protein production. Its comprehensive codon optimization algorithm considerate dozens of key factors of gene transcription and translation. The NovoPro’s codon optimization tool - ExpOptimizer is developed for the high expression of any target proteins in any mainstream expression hosts. Proprietary codon optimization tool and professional construct design *Flexible with any customer’s requirements *100% guarantee the amount and purity, no cost if the project fails *Free protein analysis and project design Partner and explore Novo-frontiers in science.Īll the package services we are providing, are a customized, one-stop and 100% As our name, we aim to accelerate protein research by being a reliable NovoPro offers various recombinant protein & rAb expression platforms for anyĬustom requirements. Proteins, toxic proteins and for target proteins greater than 100kDa). Which, any charge to the customer will be waived (exclusions are applicable to membrane In all cases, final protein will be guaranteed to meet listed specifications, failing.Insoluble proteins maybe subject to protein refolding procedures.Proprietary, ExpOptimizer™ technology, is recommended to be performed during gene synthesis. To increase the expression level of your protein, codon optimization using our.Protein analysis and project proposal is utmost welcome and totally free.*Protein amount is flexible according to the customer’s request. *Free gene synthesis, free subcloning, FREE-If-Fail guarantee Customer Provides Guaranteed Bacterial Protein Expression Services NovoBac TM E.coli Expression, One-stop Solution with Guaranteed Success
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